PSCA (prostate stem cell antigen) or PSA (prostate-specific antigen), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein belonging to the kallikrein-related peptidase family, which is almost exclusively expressed and secreted by the epithelial cells in the prostate for its namesake, as well as in the bladder, placenta, colon, kidney and stomach. Physiologically, PSCA functions as a serine protease to liquefy semen in the seminal coagulum and dissolve cervical mucus to liberate sperm and allow entry into the uterus. Pathologically, PSCA is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate, bladder and pancreas cancers, especially of primary and metastatic prostate cancers. In the United States, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the PSCA test for annual screening of prostate cancer in men of age 50 and older. On account of the unparalleled role in promoting the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer, and the extremely restricted expression in the prostate, PSCA is manifested as an important diagnostic marker and a promising therapeutic target for a safer and more effective immunotherapy.
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